List of presidents of Haïti until 2024
Since its independence in 1804, Haïti has experienced a series of presidents who have each marked the country’s history in different ways. This article presents a list of Haiti’s presidents, highlighting their background and impact on the nation. This retrospective offers an overview of the political, economic and social challenges that Haïti has faced throughout the decades.
Haïti Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1804-1806)
Jean-Jacques Dessalines, one of the leaders of the Haitian revolution, proclaimed the independence of Haïti on January 1, 1804. He crowned himself emperor under the name of Jacques I and attempted to consolidate central authority. His reign was characterized by rigorous policies aimed at eliminating the remnants of French colonial influence, but he was assassinated in 1806 during a revolt led by his former allies.
Haïti Henri Christophe (1806-1820)
After the death of Dessalines, the country was divided. Henri Christophe, a former revolutionary general, reigned over the north of the country as president and then king under the name of Henri I in 1811. He established an authoritarian regime and ambitious construction projects, such as the Citadelle Laferrière and the Palais Sans-Souci. His reign was marked by efforts to modernize the administration and strengthen the army. He committed suicide in 1820 in the face of a revolt.
Haïti Alexandre Sabès Pétion (1807-1818)
Pétion, another hero of independence, becomes president of the republic in the south. He is known for his support for the liberation of slaves and for Simon Bolívar in his fight for independence in South America. Pétion established a more liberal republic compared to the monarchical north and implemented land reforms favoring former slaves.
Haïti Jean-Pierre Boyer (1818-1843)
Jean-Pierre Boyer succeeds Pétion and manages to unify the country after the death of Christophe. His reign was marked by relative stability and reforms aimed at modernizing the economy, including encouraging the immigration of free blacks from the United States. However, his tenure was also clouded by social tensions and economic problems, leading to his deposition in 1843.
Haïti Charles Rivière Hérard (1843-1844)
Rivière Hérard rose to the presidency after overthrowing Boyer, but his mandate was marked by instability and he was quickly ousted in 1844.
Haïti Philippe Guerrier (1844-1845)
Guerrier, a former senator, was elected president after Hérard. His short tenure faced economic and political challenges, and he died in office in 1845.
The enrichment of France at the expense of Haiti, a History of Injustice and Exploitation
In 1804, Haïti emerged from the flames of revolution as the world’s first independent black republic, but its freedom would come at a steep price. France, a former colonial power, orchestrated an unprecedented economic revenge, weaving a web of exploitation and injustice that would hamper Haiti’s development for generations. This toxic relationship, marked by extortion and violence, not only shaped the destiny of one nation but also filled the coffers of another, leaving deep scars that persist to this day. Immerse yourself in this story, a gripping tale of colonial greed and resilience, which reminds us of the importance of never forgetting the injustices of the past and their lasting impact on our world today.
Haïti Jean-Baptiste Riché (1845-1846)
Riché became president in 1845, but he died after only one year in office, having failed to stabilize the country.
Haïti Jean-Louis Pierrot (1846-1847)
Pierrot, another soldier, took the presidency in 1846 but was quickly overthrown by a rebellion led by opposing political factions.
Haïti Faustin Soulouque (1847-1859)
Soulouque, elected president, crowned himself Emperor Faustin I in 1849. His reign was marked by severe repression and attempts to centralize power. He was finally overthrown by a revolt in 1859.
Haïti Fabre Nicolas Geffrard (1859-1867)
Geffrard leads the coup against Soulouque and becomes president. He introduced important reforms but faced growing opposition, leading to his resignation in 1867.
Haïti Sylvain Salnave (1867-1869)
Salnave takes power after Geffrard, but his government is marked by violent conflicts. He was overthrown and executed in 1869.
Haïti Nissage Saget (1870-1874)
Saget becomes president after Salnave. He managed to maintain relative stability and hold peaceful elections, marking a rare and peaceful transition of power in 1874.
Haïti Michel Domingue (1874-1876)
Domingue, elected after Saget, faced economic and political crises, and resigned after only two years.
Haïti Théomas Boisrond-Canal (1876-1879)
Boisrond-Canal took power after Domingue but had to resign in 1879 after political unrest.
Haïti Felicite Lysius Salomon (1879-1888)
Salomon tried to stabilize and modernize the country, but his mandate was marked by revolts and he was overthrown in 1888.
Haïti François Denis Légitime (1888-1889)
Legitimate succeeded Salomon but his reign was brief, marked by internal conflicts which led to his ouster in 1889.
Haïti Florvil Hyppolite (1889-1896)
Hyppolite maintained a certain stability and continued modernization efforts until his death in 1896.
Haïti Teiresias Simon Sam (1896-1902)
Simon Sam is elected after Hyppolite. His tenure was relatively quiet, but he resigned in 1902 in the face of political pressure.
Haïti North Alexis (1902-1908)
Alexis attempted reforms but faced revolts and was overthrown in 1908.
Haïti Antoine Simon (1908-1911)
Simon, after Alexis, implemented economic reforms but was deposed by a coup d’état in 1911.
Haïti Cincinnatus Leconte (1911-1912)
Leconte, elected president, dies in an explosion at the national palace after only one year in power.
Haïti Tancrede Auguste (1912-1913)
Auguste succeeds Leconte but dies after a year in office, leaving the country prey to instability.
Haïti Michel Oreste (1913-1914)
Orestes, elected president, is overthrown after a short mandate marked by political unrest.
Haïti Orestes Zamor (1914)
Zamor takes the presidency after Orestes but is also overthrown after a few months.
Haïti Davilmar Théodore (1914-1915)
Theodore succeeds Zamor but fails to stabilize the country and is deposed after a few months.
Haïti Vilbrun Guillaume Sam (1915)
Guillaume Sam, last president before the American occupation, is lynched after a revolt against his regime.
Haïti Sudre Dartiguenave (1915-1922)
Dartiguenave was elected under American occupation and his mandate was marked by cooperation with the United States.
Haïti Louis Borno (1922-1930)
Borno continues under American occupation, focusing on infrastructure and institutional development.
Haïti Louis Eugène Roy (1930)
Roy is appointed provisional president to hold elections, serving only a few months.
Haïti Sténio Vincent (1930-1941)
Vincent, elected after Roy, governed during a period of transition after the American occupation and managed to obtain the withdrawal of American troops in 1934.
Haïti Elie Lescot (1941-1946)
Lescot rose to the presidency during World War II, but was overthrown in a coup in 1946.
Haïti Dumarsais Estimé (1946-1950)
Estimé was elected after Lescot and tried to modernize the country and improve social conditions, but was overthrown by the military in 1950.
Haïti Paul Magloire (1950-1956)
Magloire, a soldier, governed with firmness and relative economic prosperity before resigning due to social unrest.
Haïti Nemours Pierre-Louis (1956-1957)
Pierre-Louis transitions as interim president, marking a short period of stability.
Haïti Franck Sylvain (1957)
Sylvain is elected president but his mandate is short-lived, being quickly replaced by a military council.
Haïti Daniel Fignolé (1957)
Fignolé, a charismatic populist, was briefly president before being deposed in a coup.
Haïti François Duvalier (1957-1971)
François Duvalier, known as "Papa Doc", established a rigid dictatorship marked by repression, the cult of personality and the use of the Tontons Macoutes militia to maintain his power.
Haïti Jean-Claude Duvalier (1971-1986)
Jean-Claude Duvalier, nicknamed "Baby Doc", succeeded his father and continued the authoritarian regime until his flight into exile in 1986 after popular uprisings.
Haïti Jean-Bertrand Aristide (1991, 1994-1996, 2001-2004)
Aristide, a priest and populist figure, was elected in 1990 but overthrown in 1991. He returned to power in 1994-1996 and again in 2001-2004, but his last term ended in forced exile.
Haïti René Préval (1996-2001, 2006-2011)
René Préval, former prime minister under Aristide, was elected president twice. His first term (1996-2001) was marked by efforts at economic reform and political stabilization. Re-elected in 2006, he must face the devastating consequences of the 2010 earthquake.
Haïti Michel Martelly (2011-2016)
Michel Martelly, a former popular singer, became president in 2011. His mandate was characterized by attempts at reconstruction after the 2010 earthquake and political controversies. He left power in 2016 after disputed elections.
Haïti Jovenel Moïse (2017-2021)
Jovenel Moïse, a businessman, was elected president in 2017. His mandate was marked by allegations of corruption, popular protests and a persistent political crisis. He was assassinated in July 2021, plunging the country into increased instability.
Haïti Edgard Leblanc Son (2024)
On April 30, 2024, in the midst of a security and political crisis, Edgard Leblanc Fils was chosen by the Transitional Council to lead the Presidential Transitional Council in Haiti. This choice is part of efforts to find a national consensus to get the country out of the current impasse.
The history of Haiti’s presidents is one of constant challenges, struggles for stability and repeated attempts at reform. Each leader left a unique mark on the country, helping to shape its destiny. Understanding this history is essential to understanding current political dynamics and the challenges that Haïti continues to face.